Water treatment is paramount for the safe and effective operation of water systems particularly Closed Water Systems, Cooling Water Systems and Steam Boilers. Where the water characteristics can have a detrimental effect on the operation of the system and subsequent running costs.

Undesirable factors for water systems are:-

• Corrosion

Although closed systems generally have low oxygen levels, the wide range of temperatures that are often present can still lead to high rates of corrosion within the systems. This is especially true in heating systems where heat enables what oxygen is present within the closed circuit water system to react with the surface of the metals used in the system at a faster rate. As a result, corrosion is still a concern within closed circuit systems, and understanding its cause and possible solutions is vital in combatting it.

• Scale

Closed circuit heating systems, particularly those using hard water, are more vulnerable to problems with scale than cooling systems as increased temperatures make suspended solids more insoluble. In order to limit the issues caused by scale within your closed system it is important to understand the factors that lead to high scale levels within systems and the treatments which are available to combat scale within this type of system.